Tracking Data in log_visit table, but matomo doesn't see them

Hello there,
first of all some facts:
Matomo 3.13.6
Running on Debian 9
Using MySQL 5.5 Database
(please dont blame me, that we’re using outdated software. customer business.)

since Friday we have a very curious issue:
Tracking Requests are written into the log_visit table:

*************************** 6. row ***************************
                  idvisit: 501891177
                   idsite: 1
                idvisitor: ݔ6�͟CM
   visit_last_action_time: 2021-09-07 14:52:50
                config_id: ��<6R�>.
              location_ip: .   
                  user_id: NULL
  visit_first_action_time: 2021-09-07 14:52:50

But neither the archive job

INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:58] 1333  Starting Matomo reports archiving...
INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:58] 1333  Day has finished for website id 1 since last run
INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:58] 1333  Will pre-process for website id = 1, period = day, date = last2
INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:58] 1333  - pre-processing all visits
INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:59] 1333  Archived website id = 1, period = day, 0 segments, 0 visits in last 2 days, 0 visits today, Time elapsed: 1.229s
INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:59] 1333  Will pre-process for website id = 1, period = week, date = last2
INFO [2021-09-07 06:43:59] 1333  - pre-processing all visits
INFO [2021-09-07 06:44:00] 1333  Archived website id = 1, period = week, 0 segments, 1025762 visits in last 2 weeks, 0 visits this week, Time elapsed: 1.329s
INFO [2021-09-07 06:44:01] 1333  Will pre-process for website id = 1, period = month, date = last2
INFO [2021-09-07 06:44:01] 1333  - pre-processing all visits
INFO [2021-09-07 06:44:04] 1333  Archived website id = 1, period = month, 0 segments, 22637884 visits in last 2 months, 20458 visits this month, Time elapsed: 3.496s
INFO [2021-09-07 06:44:04] 1333  Will pre-process for website id = 1, period = year, date = last2
INFO [2021-09-07 06:44:04] 1333  - pre-processing all visits

nor the visitor log /index.php?module=CoreHome&action=index&idSite=1&period=day&date=yesterday&activated=#?idSite=1&period=day&date=yesterday&segment=&category=General_Visitors&subcategory=Live_VisitorLog
see any of those data. There are no issues in any logs (apache, php, matomo) and I don’t have a clue whats going on.

We’re running several Matomo instances using the same specs and software versions without any problem. Has anyone experienced the same issue?

I activated debug logging during an archive run to find out if there are any errors. Again none, but I found some MySQL queries that are used during archiving:

DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] /* trigger = CronArchive */
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230]
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] SELECT
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] count(distinct log_visit.idvisitor) AS `1`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] count(*) AS `2`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] sum(log_visit.visit_total_actions) AS `3`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] max(log_visit.visit_total_actions) AS `4`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] sum(log_visit.visit_total_time) AS `5`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] sum(case log_visit.visit_total_actions when 1 then 1 when 0 then 1 else 0 end) AS `6`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] sum(case log_visit.visit_goal_converted when 1 then 1 else 0 end) AS `7`,
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] count(distinct log_visit.user_id) AS `39`
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] FROM
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] piwik_log_visit AS log_visit
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] WHERE
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] log_visit.visit_last_action_time >= ?
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] AND log_visit.visit_last_action_time <= ?
DEBUG VisitsSummary[2021-09-08 14:05:34 UTC] [24230] AND log_visit.idsite IN (?)

Unfortunately it doesn’t show some values there, so I just picked some myself for a manual test:

SELECT count(distinct log_visit.idvisitor) AS `1`, count(*) AS `2`, sum(log_visit.visit_total_actions) AS `3`, max(log_visit.visit_total_actions) AS `4`, sum(log_visit.visit_total_time) AS `5`, sum(case log_visit.visit_total_actions when 1 then 1 when 0 then 1 else 0 end) AS `6`, sum(case log_visit.visit_goal_converted when 1 then 1 else 0 end) AS `7`, count(distinct log_visit.user_id) AS `39` FROM piwik_log_visit AS log_visit WHERE log_visit.visit_last_action_time >= "2021-09-08 00:00:00" AND log_visit.visit_last_action_time <= "2021-09-08 14:00:00" AND log_visit.idsite IN (1);
+--------+--------+--------+------+----------+--------+------+----+
| 1      | 2      | 3      | 4    | 5        | 6      | 7    | 39 |
+--------+--------+--------+------+----------+--------+------+----+
| 302725 | 302745 | 700657 |  263 | 43828791 | 172246 |    0 |  0 |
+--------+--------+--------+------+----------+--------+------+----+
1 row in set (3.87 sec)

So this query that the archive job should be using tells me, that there are lots of visits today. But the archive log output just states:
INFO [2021-09-08 14:06:14] 24146 Archived website id = 1, period = day, 0 segments, 308299991 visits in last 1000 days, 0 visits today, Time elapsed: 41.403s

We’re thinking of patching to version 3.14.1 just to give it a try. But we’re afraid of making things even worse by that.

Is there anybody out there, who can help me out?