System check "GD > 2.x + FreeType (graphics)" keeps failing

Our Matomo installation keeps failing the system check “GD > 2.x + FreeType (graphics)”. Our dashboard is missing small graphics (replacing with large-ish white rectangular shapes) which I assume are the ‘sparklines’.

We are running Matomo 5.1.1, on PHP 8.2.19, on a host that is using the Amazon Linux 2 OS, using httpd as a webserver.

PHP seems to be installed with FreeType and GD support, as shown by the output below:

# php -i | grep -i freetype 
FreeType Support => enabled
FreeType Linkage => with freetype
FreeType Version => 2.8.0
# php -i | grep -i gd
/etc/php.d/20-gd.ini,
gd
GD Support => enabled
GD Version => bundled (2.1.0 compatible)
gd.jpeg_ignore_warning => On => On

The System check “GD > 2.x + FreeType (graphics)” reports this problem:

The sparklines (small graphs) and image graphs (in the Matomo mobile app and email reports) will not work.

I’m unsure how to resolve this, as I believe our system matches the stated requirements. I found several topics on this board that seem to address a similar issue, but the findings in those topics do not resolve the issue on my end. Any help is greatly appreciated!