Pageview count differs between reports (even after re-archiving and clearing cache)

We were getting a too low pageview count in Visitors >> Overview, and figured it was due to a problem in archiving:

The pageview was lower than the visits, which makes little sense to me.

The graph also shows that pageviews should be higher than the visits.

So I invalidated all reports for the whole year, then archived again, and the count went up, but it is still too low:

I believe the correct pageview count should be 547K, as it is in the report Behaviour >> Pages:

When checking 30 days, or any other period, the pageview is the same under Visitors >> Overview and Behaviour >> Pages:

So we figured something must be cached incorrectly, and I found that there is a command to clear cache:

./console core:clear-caches

But alas, the pageview count stays that the same after running this command :frowning:

Any ideas what the problem is, or how I may fix it?